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Lubricants for Cold Weather

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During the winter months and in cold weather regions, operators will face cold starts regularly and must select lubricants that ensure proper performance and protect your machine or engine. We will focus on key features that will differentiate lubricants that excel in cold weather and lubricants that will lead to machine or engine failure.

Viscosity

Not all cold starts are equal. There are varying temperatures and the lubricant you need will depend on the ambient temperature. If temperatures are below -20 C/- 4 F, it is recommended to use base oils that can flow in low temperatures. For engine oils, using an SAE 0W or SAW 5W grade lubricant is recommended. When the temperature drops below -30 C/- 22 F, operators should use a SAE 0W or SAE 5W lubricant, but whose base oil is a synthetic base stock and/or a base oil that is considered “multi-grade” or “multi-viscosity.”

Many of these multi-viscosity and multi-grade lubricants are designed for extreme weather conditions including cold start conditions. These lubricants maintain their viscosity better than conventional lubricants. Generally, multi-viscosity lubricants exhibit viscosity characteristics found in 2 different ISO viscosity grades (i.e. ISO 32-46) and multi-grade lubricants exhibit viscosity characteristics found in 3 different ISO viscosity grades (i.e. ISO 32-46-68).

Viscosity Index

When the temperature drops, the lubricant becomes more viscous, thus making it more difficult to circulate and flow through the engine or machine. Having a lubricant with a high viscosity index, defined as a viscosity index greater than 130, ensures that your lubricant better maintains its viscosity in extreme temperatures. Lubricants with high viscosity indices have either a highly refined or synthetic base stock or include viscosity index improver additives.

Monograde lubricants will have viscosity indices in the 95-105 range and will not perform as well as in cold start conditions. Many operators will use different monograde lubricants depending on the ambient temperature. This may cause issues with change outs and cold temperature properties.

Pour Point

As mentioned earlier, not all cold starts are created equal. In colder temperatures, a lubricant’s pour point could be the difference between success and failure. Pour point is defined as when a lubricant no longer flows and congeals. When operating in temperatures below -30 C/-22 F, it is imperative to use a lubricant with a pour point lower than -50 C/-58 F. Similar to viscosity index, lubricants with highly refined or synthetic base stocks have lower pour points. Some lubricants are manufactured with pour point depressants that prevent wax formation and the congealing of the lubricant.

Oil Integrity and Storage

While you can meticulously select the perfect lubricant based on your OEM requirements, ambient climate, and budget, it could be costly if you do not maintain it properly. Just like any oil, it is important to regularly check the oil for cleanliness and contamination. Taking regular samples is key to ensure your lubricant and machine is in good health. When storing lubricants. It is helpful to store the lubricant indoors or in a warmer environment so that it flows easily during start-up. Proper storage will also protect against contamination. If contaminated, the additives such as VI improvers or pour point depressants may not be as effective and could hurt lubricant performance.

A Guide to Base Oil Groups

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In any oil-based lubricant the base oil will compose 80-99% of the product you use. What are differences in the main ingredient of your lubricant? The American Petroleum Institute classifies base oils into 5 groups. These classifications are based on the chemical composition of the base oil and the treatment of the base oil.

If a base oil is classified as Group I-III, that base oil will be composed of crude oil that has been treated. The differences depend on the treatment processes applied to the oil.

Petroleum Base Oils

Group I

Group I base oils are the least refined base oil. Two main characteristics of Group I base oils are that they are composed of less than 90% saturates and/or greater than 0.03% sulfur. If either of these conditions are satisfied, then the base oil will be classified as Group I. The only process that is used is solvent refining, which allows Group I base oil products to be cheaper than their more refined equivalents. These are generally used for less-demanding applications and could be ideal for applications where lubricant consumption is high.

Group II

Group II base oils are more refined than Group I. In addition to solvent refining, these oils are also hydrocracked purify the oil. Unlike Group I base oils, these base oils must contain over 90% saturates and less than 0.03%. The greater percentage of saturates gives these lubricants better antioxidation properties than Group I base oils.

Failure to meet either of these requirements will result in a Group I classification. These products also have a viscosity index of 80-120. These oils have good performance in volatility, oxidation stability, wear prevention, and flash point. They only have fair performance in cold temperature environments. Given costs of treatment today, Group II lubricants are most commonly used today and many users have switched from Group I oils to Group II oils.

Unofficially, there is a Group II+ that are composed of high-end Group II base oils. These base oils must have a viscosity index of 110-120 to be considered Group II+.

Group III

Group II base oils must meet the same conditions (saturates and sulfur) as Group II, but also must have a viscosity index greater than 120. These base oils are severely hydrocracked, hydroisomerized, and hydrotreated to crate the best grade of petroleum base oil. These products offer superior stability and molecular uniformity, which makes them ideal for some semi-synthetic lubricants.

Some people consider Group III base oils to be synthetic. The API classifies them as mineral oil since they are derived from crude oil. They do mimic characteristics of synthetic oils including high viscosity indices. A lawsuit between Mobil and Castrol occurred due to Castrol marketing their Syntec lubricant as a synthetic even though it was composed of Group III base oils. In a 1999 ruling, the product was allowed to marketed as a synthetic.

Many people reject the decision and only consider Group IV and Group V base stocks as “synthetic.” Some Group III lubricants outperform Group IV lubricants if they contain excellent anti-wear, anti-oxidant, and other additives. Similar to Group II, Group III base oils have an unofficial Group III+, which consist of Group III oils that have a “Very High Viscosity Index (VHVI).” The VHVI minimum is anywhere between 130-140.

Synthetic Base Oils

Group IV

Group IV base oils are synthetic base oils that composed of polyalphaolefins (PAOs). These products have a viscosity index of 125-200. These base oils are not extracted from crude oil, but made from small uniform molecules. The uniformity and manufacturing of these oils allows for predictable properties that assure performance in tough conditions. These properties include extreme temperature stability, which makes these products ideal for cold and hot weather climates.

Lubricants composed of polyinternalolefins (PIOs) are considered to be in the unofficial Group VI. Similar to PAOs, PIOs use different chemicals in its synthesis process to obtain an even higher viscosity index. Their official API classification would be Group V. Certain food grade lubricants are composed of Group IV PAOs.

Group V

Group V base oils are any base oil that is not classified as a Group I-IV base oil. Common Group V base oils are polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) and various esters. One exception is white oil, which is a very pure lubricant commonly used in cosmetics and food processing. Also used in food grade lubricants, Group V base oils such as PAGs or esters can be used in certain biodegradable base stocks rather than vegetable or seed oils. It is important to note that most PAGs are only compatible with other PAGs.

Key Takeaways

When selecting a lubricant, it is important to understand what base oil is used. Given that the base oil is 80-99% of a lubricant, you should know what base oil you are using. Upgrading the Group III or Group IV could improve performance and reduce consumption. Twin Specialties offers a variety of industrial and specialty lubricants made from a variety of base stocks to meet your operating and budgetary requirements.

A Guide to Chemical Grades

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Chemicals are key for many products in commercial, industrial, and consumer industries. Creating proper formulations is merely the beginning of the process, but manufacturers need a product to use and one that meets whatever specifications necessary to ensure performance, purity, integrity, and safety. These specifications and requirements are outlined by organizations such as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), American Chemical Society (ACS), and many others.

Why do Chemical Grades Matter?

These grades indicate the purity and quality of a chemical. Certain applications such as consumer or medical products, require stringent quality standards compared to industrial or educational applications. It is important to know what grade you need so you do not make costly mistakes or non-compliant products.

For example, all drug and drug products in the United States must be in compliance with USP-NF current standards as outlined in the USP-NF Compendium of monographs. Each chemical has a monograph that serves as a standard. These monographs provide information about a chemical’s appearance, solubility, weight, safety, and purity. Purity standards will include testing information and acceptable results. These purity standards help control quality and maintain the integrity of chemicals and end-products. The FDA approves all products and is responsible for compliance and regulation of food, drug, and other consumer products.

What are Some of the Chemical Grades?

There are a variety of chemical grades including industry-wide standards and some specialized for specific scientific applications. We will highlight some common grades used in commercial, industrial, and consumer applications. Some key grades are:

  • ACS Grade: Chemicals that are ACS grade meet or exceed standards set forth by the American Chemical Society. This is the most stringent grade and requires high purity. Products with ACS grade are acceptable for use in food, drug, or medicinal uses.
  • FCC Grade: Chemicals that are FCC grade meet standards outlined in the Food Chemicals Codex. The FCC was acquired by the USP, but still uses the Codex for food chemical standards. This applies specifically for food ingredients and includes special tests for toxicity and ensure suitability for human consumption. The FCC is not officially recognized in the United States, but FCC standards are incorporated into hundreds of FDA food regulations.
  • Lab Grade: Chemicals labelled as Lab Grade have unknown levels of impurities. These are popular for educational or demonstration purposes. However, they fail to meet purity standards for food, drug, or medicinal uses.
  • Reagent Grade: Chemicals with a Reagent Grade generally equal ACS grade standards. These are acceptable for food, drug, and medicinal use and are suitable for use in many laboratory and analytical applications.
  • Pharmaceutical Grade (USP): Chemicals with a Pharmaceutical Grade meet or exceed requirements of a national pharmacopeia. The most common pharmacopeia is USP, but these can meet the standards of the British, Japanese, European, and other pharmacopeias. Many countries incorporate USP standards into their own national pharmacopeia.
  • Technical Grade: Chemicals meeting a Technical grade are used for commercial and industrial purposes. It is not pure enough to be used in any food, drug, or medicinal applications. Like Lab Grade chemicals, these are suitable for demonstration purposes.

Considerations for Selecting a Grade

It is critical to know these grades and which one is required for you process as these grades ascertain: identity, potency, purity, and performance. Having chemicals that are certified ensure your commercial, industrial, or consumer products are in compliance of all standard and regulations. If you need to substitute for cost or availability reasons, it is important to understand these grades as well as the following considers:

  • What is the minimum grade required? Can I use a lower quality grade?
  • What are the differences and similarities of the grades considered?
  • What are the regulatory and economic consequences of the higher or lower grade?

When making a decision on chemical grades, keep these considerations in mind as well as understanding regulatory considerations. Understanding these grades will reduce headaches and confusion and ensure you are making the best product possible. Twin Specialties has a large catalog of chemicals and chemical substitutes that meet your manufacturing need.

5 Ways to Improve Safety and Accountability

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Workplace Safety – It’s everyone’s responsibility.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2.8 million nonfatal workplace injuries and illnesses occurred in 2019.  While the number of these occurrences remained flat of 2018, workplace injuries can be devastating to an employer and employees.  Aside from the obvious emotional pain of having one of your team members injured, the costs and lost time of such injuries can also significantly impact production – particularly when many companies have had to cut personnel because of various pandemic-driven and economic-driven factors.

Manufacturing accounted for 15% of all private industry nonfatal injuries and illnesses and in fact, saw a slight decrease over 2018.  Also, the median number of days away from work was 8 days.

It is up to the leaders of any organization to initiate and introduce new strategies and safety protocols to their team members.  That said, it is up to everyone to incorporate those protocols into their everyday work behaviors – especially on the manufacturing floor.  Here’s how to lay the foundation for change in making your workplace more safe.

  1. Lay the foundation for change.  Maker sure your employees know the statistics and the impact that workplace injuries have on your operation.
  2. It’s up to the leaders to communicate, starting at the “bottom of the food chain” and inform personnel of specific high risk behaviors and experiences.
  3. A company-wide culture needs to be adopted. Everyone needs to be talking about safety and put words into action.
  4. Track your measurables and celebrate your milestones. Learning to frequently and purposefully share stories and deliver words of recognition are some important, immediate steps you can to take to begin shifting your company culture toward improved health and safety outcomes.
  5. Encourage employees to hold each other accountable. If an employees sees something that doesn’t seem safe, that employee has an obligation and a responsibility to say something – if the culture of safety is a sound one.  Employees take ownership of the situation.

When leaders make employee safety a top priority and integrate it into their Key Results — while creating an environment of respect and openness in the workplace — employees feel valued. This bodes well for productivity.

 

How to Get Rid of Microbes in Your Sump

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Bacteria or Fungus in the Machine Sump

At some point, your metalworking fluid will go bad. Hopefully, in most cases it has ran through its effective life and can safely be removed or recharged with a fresh batch. However, sometimes a fluid’s life will be cut short due to unforeseen circumstances. This may involve machine leaks, breakdowns, or outside contamination. In some instances, your fluid and machine may be filled with bacteria or fungus. When this happens, it is imperative to stop operations and remove all fluid from the sump to prevent any further issues.

If there is any remaining contaminated fluid still in the machine, it will decrease the life and effectiveness of the new charge as the fungus and bacteria will continue to thrive in the existing fluid. It is best to also run a cleaner through the machine to help clean hard-to-reach areas such as pumps and hoses. In addition to cleaning out the contaminated fluid, the cleaner removes process oils, gummy deposits or oil, grease, swarf and other outside contaminants. Monroe Fluid Technology’s Astro-Clean A contains special additives designed to render the machine neutral of bacteria and fungus.

Bacteria and fungi grow in the presence of increased surface area in a fluid. As more bacteria and fungus are in the machine, the faster the growth. This exponential growth problem can wreak havoc on your machine and lead to serious problems. That is why it is important to be proactive in managing your fluid. This will lead to reduced down time and increased performance. The main component of fluid maintenance is following the manufacturers recommended concentration and regularly checking the fluid and adding any additives necessary to maintain the highest performance.

Biocides and Metalworking Fluid Additives

One key additive is biocide. Biocides are designed to kill bacteria, fungus, and other living microbes that will damage the fluid. These additives can simply be added to any sump or central system. Grotan is designed specifically for metalworking fluids to extend fluid life. Grotan is meant to be added at 0.15% (1500 ppm) and will fight bacteria and fungus. Many products are formulated with a biocide, like Grotan, to help protect machinery, tools, and work pieces.

Metalworking fluids with biocides are constructed with recommended concentrations in mind. This matters when a machine may be running “lean” on a fluid. If the manufacturer calls for 4%, but the machine is running at 2%, the machine only has half as much additives as needed. There must be a minimum level of biocide present in a solution in order for it to be effective. If there is not enough biocide, the bacteria will not disappear and slowly but surely repopulate. Therefore, it is imperative to follow manufacturer guidelines to enough there is enough biocide and other additives in your solution.

To ensure proper performance, it is important to regularly check the concentration of the solution to ensure the product performs as expected. Using refractometers to measure the Brix/concentration is crucial in maintaining an aqueous solution. This allows users to see the exact concentration and make adjustments as necessary. It is recommended to record the concentration level daily. Due to water evaporation, it is important to add concentrate to your sump to maintain recommended concentration. Never add just water or concentrate, it is recommended to add both to maintain the sump for longer tool life. Mixers are recommended to ensure consistent refills and measurements.

Cleaning Best Practices

It is also important to hand-wash/hand-wipe reachable areas of the machine to remove any solids from the sump. If these solids are not removed, it can result in continued growth of fungus or bacteria. Fungus typically grows by attaching itself to a solid in the sump or system. Theses solids may be outside contamination or smaller clusters of fungus. Therefore, it is crucial to remove solids and deposits before AND after running a cleaning solution through your machine.

If you are unable to dedicate a time to clean and service the machine, the cleaner can be added to the metalworking fluid solution at a concentration of 1-3%. This allows for cleaning while machining parts. Build-up will release from the machine as production continues. It is important to remove these residues and solids after the system is drained. As new fluid flows through the machine after recharging, some deposits may dislodge and appear in the sump. This is normal and should occur during the first week of a new charge.

Contamination that Grows Bacteria and Fungus

In addition to using a cleaner after draining the sump, it is important to follow fluid maintenance best practices. For example, it is recommended to have some method of skimming tramp oil. This can be done by hand or by having an oil skimmer installed in your tank or sump. When tramp oil gets into the mixture, contaminants from the oil can become “food” for bacteria. The tramp oil will also sit on the top of the sump and provide a “seal” which will allow anaerobic bacteria to thrive and multiply. This results in rancidity, which can create less than ideal work environments.

Sometimes outside contaminants can get into the sump and can create surface areas for bacteria and fungus to attach themselves and grow. This build-up can lead to dead zones in the machine where fluid flow is limited or halted completely. It is important to have mechanisms in place to regularly remove solids from the sump. Some examples of tools include: magnetic wheels, conveyors, and indexable filters. In the case of fungi, the fungal mass will remain in the system since it will not disintegrate in the fluid. Therefore, it is important to remove any fungal mass to prevent future growth. Having these items in the machine allow for solid removal and higher performing fluids.

Twin Specialties Can Help

If your sump is filled with harmful microbes, we are here to help. Twin Specialties has a variety of products and resources available to help get rid of microbes. We offer cleaners and biocides that can be incorporated into your sump and metalworking fluids. Contact us for a coolant management guide, a site visit, or fluid testing. We can discuss how to fix your sump and establish practices to uphold the integrity of your metalworking fluids.

Using Microbes to Improve Spill Cleanup

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What are Microbes

Microbes (or microorganisms) are microscopic organisms that exist as a single cell or a colony of cells. All single-cell organisms are considered microbes. Thus, the term, microbes, is broad and encompasses a wide variety of organisms. Microbes exist in nearly every environment and can adapt to extreme conditions. Microbes are important in human life as they can perform a wide variety of tasks that are critical. These include:

  • Fermenting food
  • Treating sewage
  • Producing fuel and other bioactive compounds
  • Producing soil nutrients

We are going to focus on a developing application: consuming oil spills.

Using Microbes on Oil Spills

When an oil spill occurs, the first step is trying to absorb as many hydrocarbons as possible. In marine settings, this is crucial in stopping contamination. In most manufacturing and industrial settings, people will use absorbent pads, booms, socks, etc. These products absorb hydrocarbons and then can be disposed into a landfill (via a waste management company). However, there are some environmental issues with this cleanup process. The oil is not remediated as it is put into the landfill.

This is where microbes can help treat the hydrocarbons. After a spill, remediation companies will spray the spill with a microbe liquid suspension or spread a microbe culture powder. This occurs after the absorbents soaked up loose oil. So not all the oil is remediated by the microbes and some of it will be put into landfills. Having microbes within the absorbents and/or deployed immediately on the spill will improve the cleanup.

Eating the Oil

Microbes degrade or “eat” hydrocarbons and then break them down into water and carbon dioxide. Scientists measure oil contamination in soil or water by measuring Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in samples. They measure a site over time by regularly measuring TPH over time. If the microbes are doing their job, TPH should drop over time. If these microbes are present in absorbents, they can continue to degrade the absorbed oil even after the absorbents have been disposed of.

Green Boom

Green Boom manufactures 100% biodegradable oil-only absorbents that include microbes. Their proprietary biomass filler can be used to soak up oil spills and breakdown hydrocarbons all at the same time. The microbes in the absorbent products have been tested on the BP-Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill with spectacular results. After 4 weeks of testing, 95.3% of alkanes and 68.9% of PAHs were reduced. After 12 weeks of testing, 99.8% of hydrocarbons were degraded.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byLert34c1E&feature=youtu.be

These absorbent products have superior absorbency and naturally breakdown. This reduces disposal costs and allows for an environmentally-friendly oil spill cleanup. All parts of the product are made with natural fibers and absorbed oil will degrade with microbes. Green Boom’s absorbents are designed to be fast wicking and will achieve up to 90% absorption capacity within the first 5 minutes of contact with oil.

Our New Partnership

Twin Specialties is proud to announce a new partnership with Green Boom to provide you 100% biodegradable absorbent products.

Twin Specialties can offer the following Green Boom absorbents:

Check out our absorbents page for technical product information. Contact Twin Specialties and we will work with you to improve your oil-spill cleanup response. Be on the lookout for more posts about our new biodegradable absorbents and case studies.

Pros & Cons of Biodegradable Lubricants

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In the next installment of our Biodegradable Lubricants series we examine the pros and cons of biodegradable lubricants. How do these lubricants compare to their petroleum-based counterparts? Previously we examined: biodegradability standards, biodegradable base stocks and biodegradable lubricant products. However, are these products right for you? We will look at some pros and cons to see if biodegradable lubricants are the right choice for you.

Pros of Biodegradable Lubricants

  • Excellent lubricity; superior to that of mineral oil
  • Higher viscosity index than mineral and synthetic oils
  • Higher flash point than mineral and synthetic oils
  • Less toxic and readily biodegradable
  • Renewable and reduce dependency on imported petroleum
  • New biotechnology has produced genetically-modified seeds designed for use in lubricants
  • Metal-wetting attraction makes them good for keeping dirt and debris off metal surfaces
  • Water-soluble PAGs are ideal for fire-resistant lubricants
  • Ideal for industries and applications where oil comes in contact with the environment
  • No potential for bioaccumulation (build-up in organism fatty tissue)
  • Price premiums are expected to decline with further market development

Cons of Biodegradable Lubricants

  • Lubricity so potent, friction modifiers must be added to reduce slippage in certain applications
  • Insufficient oxidative stability; oil must be treated or modified to ensure performance (which increase costs)
  • Small amounts of water can cause serious foaming and degradation
  • Cannot withstand high reservoir temperatures (usually greater than 80 C)
  • Vegetable base stocks must be hydrogenated to combat low oxidative stability
  • Low pour point; can be improved by winterization
  • Synthetic esters can be used for cold-temperature environments, but reduce bio-based properties
  • Synthetic oils are limited to which additives they can use due to biodegradability standards
  • PAGs can emulsify water, which can cause foaming, sludge, and corrosion
  • High price premiums for synthetic-based products

Conclusion

Biodegradable lubricants have significant potential to perform better than mineral oils. Developments in biotechnology could allow for specially formulated base oils that will address the current short comings of vegetable oils. As demand increases, price premiums will decrease and the we will become less dependent on petroleum. Synthetic oils already provide superior performance, albeit at a higher cost. Environmental concerns will drive these developments and shift the lubricant market towards biodegradable and environmentally accepted lubricants. To learn more, check out this EPA report on Environmentally Accepted Lubricants (EALs).

Twin Specialties Offers Biodegradable Lubricants

No matter your application or environmental requirements, Twin Specialties can meet your manufacturing, marine, or agricultural needs. We offer a variety of lubricants including: Shell Naturelle, Castrol Performance Bio, and various Food Grade lubricants. Contact Twin Specialties for a quote.

6 Tips for Disposing of Liquid Waste

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Getting rid of waste, particularly liquid waste, is not at the top of your to-do list.  Understandably, the waste generated by many of the manufacturing and machining processes gets in the way, and can be annoying and costly of which to dispose. Here are some simple best practices that most all generators should follow.

  1.  Become Informed – Learn about the contents and characteristics of your waste stream.  Quite often, the person in charge of waste stream management has not been properly educated or trained about the waste.  It’s not uncommon for many health and safety responsibilities to fall upon a team member that is already deluged with other responsibilities at the facility.  However, not knowing the laws and responsibilities regarding your waste stream has consistently not been an acceptable answer when confronted with the relevant government agencies.  Safe to say, you could be breaking the law and not even know it.  Educate yourself!
  2. Separate Your Waste – When storing liquid waste, be sure to segregate each waste stream.  Quite often the cost of a waste stream is determined by the way the waste has to be treated at a recycling facility.   Safe to say, hazardous waste is usually more costly than non-hazardous waste streams.  If you co-mingle the streams, you risk the possibility of costing yourself more money and potentially creating a substance or material that is much more flammable and combustible.
  3. Take Precautions – When transferring waste, take extra precautions for make sure the transfer is done safely.  This is often when most accidents occur – when moving the waste from a tank to a drum, for example.
  4. Isolate Waste Containers – Obviously, you want to store your waste in a secure, safe area.  Pick a low-traffic area, if possible.
  5. Label, Label, Label – Make sure when you take the time to implement a safe handling of your waste that you properly label all drums, tanks, pallets, etc. The waste hauler and processor will know which waste stream is which. This will allow for a smoother and safer removal and disposal process.
  6. Do not Delay – Dispose of waste in a timely manner.  This action step could certainly be #1 on our list.  Best practices suggest that you not store hazardous and non-hazardous waste at your facility for more than six months.  However, consult your local and state authorities for the specifics of your waste stream.

A great place to start researching is the EPA or DEP. These sites have plenty of information on the latest rules and regulations regarding your waste. If you have any questions, Gemini Disposal Services can help answer questions on your liquid waste streams. If you are looking to dispose of your liquid waste, request a quote and we will help you manage your liquid waste.

What is Moly?

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What is Moly?

Molybdenum Disulfide, simply known as Moly, is used both independently as a dry lubricant and as an additive in lubricating greases. Dry lubricants reduce friction between two sliding surfaces without the need for an oil medium. Dry lubricant molecules have a natural attraction to metal and adhere themselves to metal surfaces. These molecules create a layer of protection that prevents wear and tear as well as significantly improve lubricity of metallic surfaces.

How Does Moly Work?

When used on its own, Moly is impregnated into the surfaces of metal parts to improve the lubricity and protect the parts themselves. When used in greases and lubricants, the Moly attracts itself to the metal surfaces as an anti-wear surface coating. When used in lubricants, Moly’s efficacy is limited if the additive remains suspended. It is important to ensure that the Moly is compatible with the oil or grease. If it is not compatible, the compounds could drop out and plug oil passages and filters.

Moly has a variety of unique properties that distinguish itself from other solid lubricants and solid additives. These include:

  • An inherently low coefficient of friction
  • Strong affinity for metallic surfaces
  • Film forming structure
  • Stability in the presence of most solvents
  • Effective lubricating properties from cryogenic temperatures to 350 C in air
  • Efficacy in vacuum and aerospace applications

Moly Greases

Moly greases can have concentrations from anywhere from 1 to 20%. Typically, Moly greases typically contain 3 to 5% Moly. Moly greases are generally used in operations where high pressure metal surfaces are sliding against each other. These include roller bearings that have very heavy loads and shock loading. Moly greases are also recommended in slow or oscillating motion that is used in universal and CV joints. Moly greases used in high-speed bearings can create problems such as “skidding,” where a bearing roller fails to rotate a full 360 degrees.

Due to its lubricating abilities in vacuums, Moly and Moly greases are popular in aerospace applications. Temperature limitations for Moly are much higher in space (1200 C compared to 350 C in air) thus can withstand extreme temperatures in space. Moly is used for low speed systems such as solar array drives, sensors, and antenna scanners.

Conclusion

As a solid lubricant, Molybdenum disulfide (Moly) serves as a better lubricant and additive than graphite because of its ability to operate under very heavy loads and in vacuum environments. If your machine’s manual calls for a moly grease, it is important to ensure a moly grease is used and the moly grease is compatible with other lubricants in your equipment.

What are Biodegradable Lubricants?

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As the world’s petroleum reserves are extracted, scarcity increases, thus driving oil and lubricant prices higher. This economic burden will force end-users and manufacturers to develop alternatives that are cost effective, readily available, and sustainable. The answer to these concerns are biodegradable lubricants.

Biodegradable Lubricants Defined

Biodegradable lubricants have the ability to degrade naturally by the actions of biological organisms. Petroleum is naturally occurring and is considered inherently biodegradable. However, that does not mean they can be marketed, sold, and treated as biodegradable. When we refer to biodegradable lubricants, we are discussing lubricants that are readily biodegradable.

Determining Biodegradability

Biodegradable lubricants must meet the ISO 9439 or OECD 301B standards. These standards state that a lubricant that has degraded by more than 60% within 28 days is readily biodegradable. The tests involve treating a lubricant sample with microorganisms in the presence of oxygen and measuring the CO2 produced by the microorganisms. As mentioned before, petroleum-based lubricants are inherently biodegradable, but not readily biodegradable because they fail to meet these standards. Petroleum-based lubricants naturally degrade at a rate of 15-35% in 28 days, falling short of the required 60%.

Additionally, the lubricant must be of “low toxicity.” There are a variety of tests used to determine toxicity. These tests involve fish, daphnia, and other organisms. In their pure form, mineral oil and vegetable oil show little toxicity, but lubricants are not just pure oil. As additives are incorporated into formulations, the toxicity increases. Additives are added to make up for any performance shortcomings of biodegradable base stocks.

Types of Biodegradable Base Stocks

Most biodegradable lubricants use vegetable oil, synthetic esters, polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), or a combination of these as base stocks. Vegetable oils have been used for years when petroleum was in short supply. They were popular during World War I and World War II due to oil rationing and came back in popularity during oil embargo in the 1970s. Vegetable oils declined in popularity due to the availability of low-cost oil after Desert Storm. Their popularity is beginning to rise as more manufacturers and end-users are faced with climate change and sustainability concerns. Some common vegetable oils used are soybean oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, and canola oil. To improve performance, farmers are beginning to grow genetically modified crops that are designed and engineered for use in lubricants.

Synthetic base stocks, such as esters and PAGs, are also used to boost performance when vegetable oils cannot get the job done. PAGs are effective, however they have a few issues that should be considered. PAGs are incompatible with other oils and can cause problems if inadvertently mixed with non-PAG oils. PAGs can also react poorly with seals and paints. This is why synthetic esters are preferred for biodegradable lubricants. Synthetic esters are typically added to vegetable-oil based lubricants to improve low temperature properties. These serve better than light mineral oils as synthetic esters are less toxic and more biodegradable.

Biodegradable Lubricant Products

Many applications and machines now can be lubricated with biodegradable lubricants and meet all performance requirements. Products that can be composed of soybean oils include:

  • Food grade hydraulic fluids and greases
  • Automotive, railroad, and machine greases
  • Tractor transmission and industrial hydraulic fluids
  • Chainsaw bar oils
  • Gear lubricants
  • Compressor oils
  • Transmission and transformer line cooling fluids

Many more products are in development and could become viable in lubricant markets soon. These include:

  • Two-cycle engine oils
  • Metalworking fluids
  • Specialty lubricants

With more resources and demand for biodegradable lubricants, engineers and manufacturers can research and develop more products that perform more applications, perform better than mineral oils, and remain price competitive.

Biodegradable lubricants are highly popular in applications and industries where environmental and safety concerns are high. Marine and agricultural industries need these lubricants as contamination could have devastating effects. According to Total Lubricants, a single liter of oil can pollute as much as 1,000,000 liters of water. In those applications, biodegradable lubricants are essential. Some government regulations ensure that these industries use biodegradable lubricants that do not harm consumers and operators in the event of leakage.

Twin Specialties Offers Biodegradable Lubricants

No matter your application or environmental requirements, Twin Specialties can meet your manufacturing, marine, or agricultural needs. We offer a variety of lubricants including: Shell Naturelle, Castrol Performance Bio, and various Food Grade lubricants. Contact Twin Specialties for a quote.